GM
Моя теория - заселяем грибы в субстрат и кормим их, а они уже симбиоз с корнями осуществляют
Characteristics of AMF Symbiosis
The symbiosis of AMF with plants had been reported 400 million years ago (Selosse et al., 2015). Such types of links are established as a succession of biological processes, which lead to a variety of useful effects in both natural ecosystem and agricultural biotas (Van der Heijden et al., 2015). The symbiotic association of AMF is a classic example of mutualistic relationship, which can regulate the growth and development of plants. The mycelial network of fungi extends under the roots of the plant and promotes nutrient uptake that is otherwise not available. The fungal mycelium colonizes roots of many plants even if they belong to different species, resulting into a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). This CMN is considered as a primary component of the terrestrial ecosystem with its significant effects on different plant communities, particularly on invasive plants (Pringle et al., 2009) and the fungal-mediated transport of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) to plants (Smith and Read, 2008). Moreover, communal nutrients also relocate from fungi to the plant, along with other related effects, which is probably why AMF improve plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors (Plassard and Dell, 2010). They have the ability to improve characteristics of soil and consequently encourage plant development in normal as well as in stressful circumstances (Navarro et al., 2014; Alqarawi et al., 2014a; Alqarawi et al., 2014b). AMF colonization improves tolerance of plants to stressful cues by bringing about several changes in their morpho-physiological traits (Alqarawi et al., 2014a; Alqarawi et al., 2014b; Hashem et al., 2015). AMF are considered as natural growth regulators of a majority of terrestrial flora. AMF are used as bio-inoculants, and researchers encourage their use as prominent bio-fertilizers in sustainable crop productivity (Barrow, 2012). Furthermore, AMF-inoculated soil forms more constant masses and significantly higher extra-radical hyphal mycelium than do the non-AMF-treated soils (Syamsiyah et al., 2018). Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is believed to maintain water content in soils exposed to different abiotic stresses (Wu et al., 2014), which later on regulates water frequencies between soil and plants, automatically triggering plant development. Glomalin contains 30–40% C and its related compounds that safeguard soil from desiccation by enhancing the soil water holding capacity (Sharma et al., 2017). Growth-related functions, for example, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, relative water content (RWC), PSII efficiency, and CO2 assimilation are affected by AMF inoculation (He et al., 2017; Chandrasekaran et al., 2019). AMF also help improve water stress tolerance by physiological alteration of the above-ground organs and tissues (Bárzana et al., 2012). Furthermore, inoculation of AMF improves the accumulation of dry matter and enhances water moisture uptake, consequently improving plant tolerance against stresses like drought and salinity. Exploitation of AMF for plant growth in various biological ecosystems can contribute greatly to organic culturing for growth promotion and yield maximization (Figure 1).
FIGURE 1
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Figure 1 A diagrammatic representation of mycorrhizal functions to regulate various processes in the ecosystem and plant growth promotion under abiotic stress condition.
AMF as a Bio-fertilizer
Bio-fertilizers are a mixture of naturally occurring substances that are used to improve soil fertility. These fertilizers are very useful for soil health as well as for plant growth and development (Sadhana, 2014). Different research studies conducted on AMF during the past two decades have highlighted their countless benefits on soil health and crop productivity. Therefore, it is widely believed that AMF could be considered as a replacement of inorganic fertilizers in the near future, because mycorrhizal application can effectively reduce the quantitative use of chemical fertilizer input especially of phosphorus (Ortas, 2012). Continuous use