Advances in ultra fine bubble generation and injection have resulted in a few companies creating unprecedented aeration solutions for hydroponic crop cultivation. Whereas conventional venturi devices and compressors with air stones can raise DO concentrations to around 8 ppm under optimal conditions, they can be inefficient and even generate bubbles the size of which can cause pump cavitation and failure if they are not set up correctly. Micro- and nano- bubble generators can raise DO to in excess of 20 ppm while populating the solution with suspended bubbles that can last hours or even days in hydroponic systems.